آی پی امداد
آی پی امداد
آریا الکترونیک parcham تکشو

آموزشی: انواع مختلف چیپ شمالی و نام های آن هاGMCH -MCH-IMCH-

pese

کاربر
2013-05-26
257
1,545
اصفهان
www.servicekaran.ir
دوستانی که انگلیسی خوب بلد هستند ترجمه کنند. و در اختیار همه بگذارند و توضیح دهند.


[h=1]Northbridge (computing)[/h] From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (January 2008)
A typical north/southbridge layout


A typical north/southbridge layout


A northbridge or host bridge is a microchip on some PC motherboards and is connected directly to the CPU (unlike the southbridge) and thus responsible for tasks that require the highest performance.[SUP][1][/SUP] The northbridge is usually paired with a southbridge, also known as I/O controller hub. In systems where they are included, these two chips manage communications between the CPU and other parts of the motherboard, and constitute the core logic chipset of the PC motherboard.
On older Intel based PCs, the northbridge was also named external memory controller hub (MCH) or integrated memory controller hub (IMCH) if equipped with an integrated VGA memory controller hub (MCH). Increasingly these functions became integrated into the CPU chip itself, beginning with memory and graphics controllers. For Intel Sandy Bridge and AMD Accelerated Processing Unit processors introduced in 2011, all of the functions of the northbridge reside on the CPU,[SUP][2][/SUP] while some high-performance CPUs still (2013) require northbridge and southbridge chips.
Separating the different functions into the CPU, northbridge, and southbridge chips was due to the difficulty of integrating all components onto a single chip.[SUP][3][/SUP] In some instances, the northbridge and southbridge functions have been combined onto one die when design complexity and fabrication processes permitted it; for example, the Nvidia GeForce 320M in the 2010 Macbook Air is a northbridge/southbridge/GPU combo chip.[SUP][4][/SUP]
As CPU speeds increased, a bottleneck eventually emerged between the processor and the motherboard, due to limitations caused by data transmission between the CPU and its support chipset. Accordingly, starting with the AMD Athlon64 series CPUs (based on the Opteron), a new architecture was used where some functions of the north- and southbridge chips were moved to the CPU. Modern Intel Core processors have the northbridge integrated on the CPU die as the system agent.
[h=2]Contents[/h]


[h=2]Overview[/h] The northbridge typically handles communications among the CPU, in some cases RAM, and PCI Express (or AGP) video cards, and the southbridge.[SUP][5][/SUP][SUP][6][/SUP] Some northbridges also contain integrated video controllers, also known as a Graphics and Memory Controller Hub (GMCH) in Intel systems. Because different processors and RAM require different signaling, a given northbridge will typically work with only one or two classes of CPUs and generally only one type of RAM.
There are a few chipsets that support two types of RAM (generally these are available when there is a shift to a new standard). For example, the northbridge from the Nvidia nForce2 chipset will only work with Socket A processors combined with DDR SDRAM; the Intel i875 chipset will only work with systems using Pentium 4 processors or Celeron processors that have a clock speed greater than 1.3 GHz and utilize DDR SDRAM, and the Intel i915g chipset only works with the Intel Pentium 4 and the Celeron, but it can use DDR or DDR2 memory.
[h=2]Etymology[/h] The name is derived from drawing the architecture in the fashion of a map. The CPU would be at the top of the map comparable to due north on most general purpose geographical maps. The CPU would be connected to the chipset via a fast bridge (the northbridge) located north of other system devices as drawn. The northbridge would then be connected to the rest of the chipset via a slow bridge (the southbridge) located south of other system devices as drawn.
Intel i815EP northbridge


[h=2]Overclocking[/h] The northbridge plays an important part in how far a computer can be overclocked, as its frequency is commonly used as a baseline for the CPU to establish its own operating frequency. This chip typically gets hotter as processor speed becomes faster, requiring more cooling. There is a limit to CPU overclocking, as digital circuits are limited by physical factors such as propagation delay which increases with (among other factors) operating temperature; consequently most overclocking applications have software-imposed limits on the multiplier and external clock setting.
[h=2]Evolution[/h] A part of an IBM T42 laptop motherboard. CPU=Central Processing Unit. NB=Northbridge. GPU=Graphical Processing Unit. SB=Southbridge.


The overall trend in processor design has been to integrate more functions onto fewer components, which decreases overall motherboard cost and improves performance. The memory controller, which handles communication between the CPU and RAM, was moved onto the processor die by AMD beginning with their AMD64 processors and by Intel with their Nehalem processors. One of the advantages of having the memory controller integrated on the CPU die is to reduce latency from the CPU to memory.
Another example of this kind of change is Nvidia's nForce3 for AMD64 systems. It combines all of the features of a normal southbridge with an Accelerated Graphics Port (AGP) port and connects directly to the CPU. On nForce4 boards it was marketed as a media communications processor (MCP).
AMD Accelerated Processing Unit processors feature full integration of northbridge functions onto the CPU chip, along with processor cores, memory controller and graphics processing unit (GPU). This was an evolution of the AMD64, since the memory controller was integrated on the CPU die in the AMD64.
The northbridge was replaced by the system agent introduced by the Sandy Bridge microarchitecture in 2011, which essentially handles all previous Northbridge functions.[SUP][7][/SUP] Intel’s “Sandy Bridge
 

pese

کاربر
2013-05-26
257
1,545
اصفهان
www.servicekaran.ir
[h=1]Chipset[/h] From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
In a computer system, a chipset is a set of electronic components in an integrated circuit that manages the data flow between the processor, memory and peripherals. It is usually found on the motherboard. Chipsets are usually designed to work with a specific family of microprocessors. Because it controls communications between the processor and external devices, the chipset plays a crucial role in determining system performance.
[h=2]Contents[/h]


[h=2]Computers[/h] In computing, the term chipset is commonly used to refer to a set of specialized chips on a computer's motherboard or an expansion card. In personal computers, the first chipset for the IBM PC AT was the NEAT chipset by Chips and Technologies for the Intel 80286 CPU.
Diagram of Commodore Amiga's Original Chip Set


A part of an IBM T42 laptop motherboard. CPU: Central processing unit. NB: Northbridge. GPU: Graphics processing unit. SB: Southbridge.


In home computers, game consoles and arcade game hardware of the 1980s and 1990s, the term chipset was used for the custom audio and graphics chips. Examples include the Commodore Amiga's Original Chip Set or SEGA's System 16 chipset.
Based on Intel Pentium-class microprocessors, the term chipset often refers to a specific pair of chips on the motherboard: the northbridge and the southbridge. The northbridge links the CPU to very high-speed devices, especially RAM and graphics controllers, and the southbridge connects to lower-speed peripheral buses (such as PCI or ISA). In many modern chipsets, the southbridge contains some on-chip integrated peripherals, such as Ethernet, USB, and audio devices.
The manufacturer of a chipset often is independent from the manufacturer of the motherboard. Current manufacturers of chipsets for x86 motherboards include AMD, Broadcom, Intel, NVIDIA, SiS and VIA Technologies. Apple computers and Unix workstations have traditionally used custom-designed chipsets. Some server manufacturers also develop custom chipsets for their products.
In the 1980s, Chips and Technologies pioneered the manufacturing of chipsets for PC-compatible computers. Computer systems produced since then often share commonly used chipsets, even across widely disparate computing specialties. For example, the NCR 53C9x, a low-cost chipset implementing a SCSI interface to storage devices, could be found in Unix machines such as the MIPS Magnum, embedded devices, and personal computers.
[h=2]Move toward processor integration in PCs[/h] Traditionally in x86 computers, the processor's primary connection to the rest of the machine is through the motherboard chipset's northbridge. The northbridge is directly responsible for communications with high-speed devices (system memory and primary expansion buses, such as PCIe, AGP and PCI cards, being common examples) and conversely any system communication back to the processor. This connection between the processor and northbridge is traditionally known as the front side bus (FSB). Requests to resources not directly controlled by the northbridge are offloaded to the southbridge, with the northbridge being an intermediary between the processor and the southbridge. The southbridge traditionally handles "everything else", generally lower-speed peripherals and board functions (the largest being hard disk and storage connectivity) such as USB, parallel and serial communications. The connection between the northbridge and southbridge does not have a common name, but is usually a high-speed interconnect proprietary to the chipset vendor.
Before 2003, any interaction between a CPU and main memory or an expansion device such as a graphics card(s) — whether AGP, PCI or integrated into the motherboard — was directly controlled by the northbridge IC on behalf of the processor. This made processor performance highly dependent on the system chipset, especially the northbridge's memory performance and ability to shuttle this information back to the processor. In 2003, however, AMD's introduction of the Athlon 64-bit series of processors[SUP][1][/SUP] changed this. The Athlon64 marked the introduction of an integrated memory controller being incorporated into the processor itself thus allowing the processor to directly access and handle memory, negating the need for a traditional northbridge to do so. Intel followed suit in 2008 with the release of its Core i series CPUs and the X58 platform. In newer processors integration has further increased, primarily inclusion of the system's primary PCIe controller and integrated graphics directly on the CPU itself. As fewer functions are left un-handled by the processor, chipset vendors have condensed the remaining northbridge and southbridge functions into a single chip. Intel's version of this is the "Platform Controller Hub" (PCH), effectively an enhanced southbridge for the remaining peripherals as traditional northbridge duties, such as memory controller, expansion bus (PCIe) interface, and even on-board video controller, are integrated into the CPU itself.
[h=2]See also[/h]
 

pese

کاربر
2013-05-26
257
1,545
اصفهان
www.servicekaran.ir
[h=1]Southbridge (computing)[/h] From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
A typical north/southbridge layout


A part of an IBM T42 laptop motherboard. CPU=Central Processing Unit. NB=Northbridge. GPU=Graphical Processing Unit. SB=Southbridge.


The southbridge is one of the two chips in the core logic chipset on a personal computer (PC) motherboard, the other being the northbridge. The southbridge typically implements the slower capabilities of the motherboard in a northbridge/southbridge chipset computer architecture. In systems with Intel chipsets, the southbridge is named I/O Controller Hub (ICH), while AMD has named its southbridge Fusion Controller Hub (FCH) since the introduction of its Fusion APUs.
The southbridge can usually be distinguished from the northbridge by not being directly connected to the CPU. Rather, the northbridge ties the southbridge to the CPU. Through the use of controller integrated channel circuitry, the northbridge can directly link signals from the I/O units to the CPU for data control and access.
[h=2]Contents[/h]


[h=2]Current status[/h] Due to the push for system-on-a-chip (SoC) processors, modern devices increasingly have the northbridge integrated into the CPU die itself; examples are Intel's Sandy Bridge and AMD's Fusion processors, both released in 2011. The southbridge became redundant and it was replaced by the Platform Controller Hub (PCH) architecture introduced with the Intel 5 Series chipset in 2008. All southbridge features and remaining I/O functions are managed by the PCH which is directly connected to the CPU via the Direct Media Interface (DMI).[SUP][1][/SUP]
[h=2]Overview[/h] A southbridge chipset handles all of a computer's I/O functions, such as USB, audio, serial, the system BIOS, the ISA bus, the interrupt controller and the IDE channels.[SUP][2][/SUP] Different combinations of Southbridge and Northbridge chips are possible,[SUP][3][/SUP] but these two kinds of chips must be designed to work together;[SUP][4][/SUP][SUP][5][/SUP] there is no industry-wide standard for interoperability between different core logic chipset designs. Traditionally, the interface between a northbridge and southbridge was the PCI bus. The main bridging interfaces used now are DMI (Intel) and UMI (AMD).
[h=2]Etymology[/h] The name is derived from drawing the architecture in the fashion of a map and was first described as such with the introduction of the PCI Local Bus Architecture in 1991. At Intel, the authors of the PCI specification viewed the PCI local bus as being at the very centre of the PC platform architecture (i.e., at the Equator).
The northbridge extends to the north of the PCI bus backbone in support of CPU, Memory/Cache, and other performance-critical capabilities. Likewise the southbridge extends to the south of the PCI bus backbone and bridges to less performance-critical I/O capabilities such as the disk interface, audio, etc.
The CPU is located at the top of the map at due north. The CPU is connected to the chipset via a fast bridge (the northbridge) located north of other system devices as drawn. The northbridge is connected to the rest of the chipset via a slow bridge (the southbridge) located south of other system devices as drawn.
Although the current PC platform architecture has replaced the PCI bus backbone with faster I/O backbones, the bridge naming convention remains.
[h=2]Functionality[/h] Diagram of an old motherboard, which supports many on-board peripheral functions as well as several expansion slots.


The functionality found in a contemporary southbridge includes:[SUP][5][/SUP]

  • PCI bus. The PCI bus support includes the traditional PCI specification, but may also include support for PCI-X and PCI Express (PCIe).
  • ISA bus or LPC bridge. ISA support remains an integrated part of the modern southbridge, though ISA slots are no longer provided on more recent motherboards. The LPC bridge provides a data and control path to the super I/O (the normal attachment for the keyboard, mouse, parallel port, serial port, IR port, and floppy controller) and FWH (firmware hub which provides access to BIOS flash storage).
  • SPI bus. The SPI bus is a simple serial bus mostly used for firmware (e.g., BIOS) flash storage access.
  • SMBus. The SMBus is used to communicate with other devices on the motherboard (e.g., system temperature sensors, fan controllers).
  • DMA controller. The DMA controller allows ISA or LPC devices direct access to main memory without needing help from the CPU.
  • Interrupt controllers such as 8259A and/or I/O APIC. The interrupt controller provides a mechanism for attached devices to get attention from the CPU.
  • Mass storage controllers such as PATA and/or SATA. This typically allows direct attachment of system hard drives.
  • Real-time clock. The real time clock provides a persistent time account.
  • Power management (APM and ACPI). The APM or ACPI functions provide methods and signaling to allow the computer to sleep or shut down to save power.
  • Nonvolatile BIOS memory. The system CMOS (BIOS configuration memory), assisted by battery supplemental power, creates a limited non-volatile storage area for system configuration data.
  • AC'97 or Intel High Definition Audio sound interface.
  • Out-of-band management controller such as a BMC or HECI.
Optionally, a southbridge also includes support for Ethernet, RAID, USB, audio codec, and FireWire. Where support is provided for non-USB keyboard, mouse, and serial ports, a machine normally does so through a device referred to as a Super I/O; still more rarely, a southbridge may directly support the keyboard, mouse, and serial ports.
 

pese

کاربر
2013-05-26
257
1,545
اصفهان
www.servicekaran.ir
[h=1]پل شمالی، پل جنوبی، چگونه پل شمالی، پل جنوبی آثار چیست؟[/h]
[SIZE=-1]پل شمالی و پل جنوبی چیپ ست استفاده می شود که مسئولیت رسیدگی به توابع ارتباطات در اکثر مادربردهای نوع PC هستند.[/SIZE] [SIZE=-1]پل شمالی نیز MCH، حافظه مرکز کنترل، و یا IMC، کنترلر حافظه مجتمع، در سیستم های اینتل، AMD، VIA، SIS و دیگر مادربرد نامیده می شود.[/SIZE] [SIZE=-1]این است مشترک جدا از چیپ ست به پل شمالی و پل جنوبی، اگر چه موارد نادر که در آن این دو تراشه بر روی یک قالب ترکیب شده است زمانی که پیچیدگی طراحی و ساخت فرآیندهای آن اجازه وجود دارد.[/SIZE]
پل شمالی یک تراشه کنترل کننده استفاده می شود به مقابله با تعامل میان CPU، RAM، L2 و یا سطح 2 کش، ROM BIOS، و PCI Express و AGP، ایجیپی، که اجزای که سود بیشتر از ارتباطات سریع می باشد با پردازنده. آن استفاده می کند FSB، سریع جبهه واحد اتوبوسرانی جانبی، به پیوند اجزای مختلف. برخی northbridges نیز حاوی کنترل یکپارچه ویدئو، نیز به عنوان یک GMCH، گرافیک و حافظه کنترل توپی شناخته شده است، در سیستم های اینتل. از آنجا که پردازنده های مختلف و RAM نیاز سیگنالینگ مختلف، پل شمالی عمدتا تنها با یک یا دو کلاس از پردازنده و فقط یک نوع از RAM به طور کلی کار خواهد کرد. پل شمالی برای چه حد یک کامپیوتر می تواند اورکلاک مهم است، به عنوان فرکانس آن به عنوان یک معیار برای CPU برای ایجاد فرکانس عامل خود را استفاده می شود. دمای این تراشه را افزایش دهد به عنوان پردازنده های سریع تر می شود و اقدامات خنک کننده نیاز به اجرا شود. پردازنده می تواند بی نهایت نمی توان اورکلاک، به عنوان مدارات دیجیتال توسط عوامل فیزیکی مانند تاخیر که در نتیجه برنامه اورکلاک ترین دارای محدودیت نرم افزار که محدود چند برابر و تنظیم ساعت خارجی با درجه حرارت را افزایش می دهد، محدود شده است. پل جنوبی، نیز نامیده می شود ICH، I / O مرکز کنترل، در سیستم های اینتل، AMD، VIA، SIS و دیگر مادربرد، یک تراشه استفاده برای پیاده سازی قابلیت های "آهسته تر" از مادربرد در یک پل شمالی / پل جنوبی معماری کامپیوتر چیپ ست است. پل جنوبی به طور مستقیم به CPU، که متفاوت از پل شمالی است و پل شمالی روابط پل جنوبی به CPU متصل نیست. از طریق استفاده از کنترل یکپارچه مدار کانال، پل شمالی به طور مستقیم می توانید لینک سیگنال های دریافتی از واحد I / O به CPU برای کنترل داده ها و دسترسی. با پل جنوبی که از CPU برداشته، آن است که اغلب برای دستگاه های کندتر در میکرو کامپیوتر های معمولی استفاده می شود. پل جنوبی خاص اغلب با چند northbridges متفاوت خواهد کار کند، اما این دو تراشه باید با هم کار می کنند. هیچ استاندارد صنعت گسترده برای ایجاد قابلیت همکاری بین طرح چیپ ست منطق هسته های مختلف وجود دارد. به طور سنتی این رابط بین پل شمالی و پل جنوبی به سادگی بود باس PCI، اما از آنجایی که این ایجاد تنگنا عملکرد، ترین چیپ ست فعلی استفاده از یک رابط های مختلف با عملکرد بالاتر است. پل جنوبی دسته عمومی تر، آهسته تر، اشکال I / O، مانند پورت سریال، پورت USB، و IDE. پل جنوبی است به گذرگاه PCI پل شمالی متصل. تراشه پل شمالی-پل جنوبی تا حد زیادی افزایش سرعت کامپیوتر های مدرن. شما آنها را در تقریبا تمام رایانه های فعلی مانند چیپ ست اینتل، VIA، و چیپ ست AMD پیدا کنید. در یک کلام، پل شمالی-پل جنوبی با هم یک معماری حداقل اساسی برای یک کامپیوتر مدرن را تشکیل میدهد. کامپیوتر با استفاده از جدید IHA اینتل، اینتل توپی معماری استثنا هستند. IHA، مانند پل شمالی-پل جنوبی، با استفاده از دو تراشه که کنترل توپی به نام برای مقابله با ارتباطات بین پردازنده و دیگر اجزای سیستم. با این حال، GMCH، گرافیک و AGP حافظه توپی، معادل پل شمالی، آیا اتوبوس PCI تحمل کنم. که در حال حاضر توسط ICH به کار گرفته، I / O کنترل توپی که نشسته در یک اتوبوس و دو برابر سریع تر از اتوبوس پل جنوبی را. یکی دیگر از عوامل مهم است که اتوبوس IHA می تواند انواع داده های مختلف به عنوان آنها بیش از اتوبوس حرکت و بهینه سازی عملکرد اتوبوس خود را تشخیص دهد.
 

pese

کاربر
2013-05-26
257
1,545
اصفهان
www.servicekaran.ir
Super I/O is a class of I/O controller integrated circuits that began to be used on personal computer motherboards in the late 1980s, originally as add-in cards, later embedded on the motherboards. A super I/O chip combines interfaces for a variety of low-bandwidth devices. The functions below are usually provided by the super I/O if they are on the motherboard:

By combining many functions in a single chip, the number of parts needed on a motherboard is reduced, thus reducing the cost of production.
Some chips have support to detect if the case gets opened (chassis intrusion).
The original super I/O chips communicated with the central processing unit via a connection with an Industry Standard Architecture (ISA) bus. With the evolution away from ISA towards use of the Peripheral Component Interconnect (PCI) bus, the Super I/O chip was often the biggest remaining reason for continuing inclusion of ISA on the motherboard.
Modern super I/O chips use the Low Pin Count (LPC) bus instead of ISA for communication with the Central processing unit. This normally occurs through an LPC interface on the southbridge chip of the motherboard.
Companies that make super I/O controllers include Nuvoton, ITE, Fintek, and Microchip Technology. National Semiconductor used to make super I/O controllers but sold that business to Winbond, which already had a competing super I/O controller business, in 2005. Winbond then spun off its logic businesses to a wholly owned subsidiary, Nuvoton. SMSC made Super I/O chips and then got acquired by Microchip Technology.
ITE Super I/O chip


Smsc Super I/O chip on IBM motherboard


[h=2]External links[/h]
 

kharad

VIP+ افتخاری
کاربر
2009-03-04
639
3,950
درود
دوست عزیز چیپ شمالی شامل برندهای زیر می باشد
intel
nvidia
ati
sis
via
sb
radeon
.....
 
  • Like
واکنش‌ها[ی پسندها]: hanirayan

cybernova

مدیر تعمیرات سخت افزار کامپیوتر
مدیر تالار
2013-05-31
2,829
10,511
آذرشهـر
همکار گرامی
آقای pese مترجم google translate یا هر مترجم نرم افزاری دیگه معمولا بصورت تخصصی ترجمه نمی کنند و حالت کلمه به کلمه دارند .البته زحمت شما قابل تقدیر هست ولی اگه متن رو بخونید بیشتر از این که مفهوم باشه ،مبهم هست .بازم ممنون از پستتون .به دو خط ابتدای متن توجه کنید .

North Bridge یا Host Bridge ( پل شمالی ) ،میکروچیپی است که روی مادربردهای کامپیوتر های شخصی ( PC ) نصب می شود و مستقیما با CPU در ارتباط است ( بر خلاف پل جنوبی ) .بنابراین در عملیاتی که نیازمند سرعت و عملکرد بالایی هستند استفاده می شود .پل شمالی معمولا به همراه پل جنوبی که با عنوان (I/O Controller Hub ( ICH هم شناخته می شود بصورت مرتبط با هم استفاده می شود .در سیستم هایی که از این دو چیپ استفاده شده ،کنترل ارتباط بین CPU با سایر اجزای مادربرد بر عهده این چیپ ها بوده و هسته و زیربنای Logic چیپست های مادربردهای کامپیوتر را تشکیل می دهند .

اگه متن مورد قبول و تائید اساتید و دوستان باشه ،سعی می کنم کل متن رو ترجمه کرده و بصورت فایل آپلود کنم .
یا علی
 
آخرین ویرایش:
  • Like
واکنش‌ها[ی پسندها]: kiyanmz

cybernova

مدیر تعمیرات سخت افزار کامپیوتر
مدیر تالار
2013-05-31
2,829
10,511
آذرشهـر
این هم همان چند خط ولی ترجمه گوگل
پل شمالی یا میزبان پل یک ریزتراشه در برخی از مادربردهای PC است و به طور مستقیم به CPU متصل (بر خلاف پل جنوبی) و در نتیجه مسئول وظایف که نیاز به بالاترین عملکرد.پل شمالی است که معمولا با یک پل جنوبی، همچنین به عنوان I / O مرکز کنترل شناخته شده جفت می شود. در سیستم های که در آن آنها را شامل می شوند، این دو تراشه های مدیریت ارتباطات بین CPU و دیگر بخش های مادربرد و تشکیل هسته چیپ ست منطق مادربرد PC.
 
  • Like
واکنش‌ها[ی پسندها]: kiyanmz
بالا